Streptococciasis Disease

Streptococciasis Disease
Cause: Streptococcus agalactiae, S. iniae,

Bio - Ecology of pathogens:
• gram-positive bacteria, small round (cocci), joined
chain-like, non-motile, transparent and smooth colonies.
• Streptococcus iniae Infection often occurs in sea water fish farming (snapper, grouper), whereas S. agalactiae is more commonly found in freshwater fish farming (tilapia).

• The pattern of attacks are generally two types of bacteria are chronic - acute.
• Target organs of infection of Streptococcus spp. commonly found in the brain and eyes. so-called "syndrome, meningoencephalitis and panophthalmitis". The disease is frequently reported in intensive aquaculture systems, aquatic environment calm (stagnant) and / or recirculation systems,

• Cumulatively, the attack of this disease can cause mortality of 30-100% of the total population during the maintenance period: and this disease is a potential obstacle that must be anticipated with respect to intensification and improvement of national tilapia production.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Indicates abnormal behavior such as convulsions or spinning and prominent eyes (exopthalmus).
• decreased appetite, weakness, dark-colored body, and slow growth.
• Dark colors under the jaw, prominent eyes, bleeding, abdominal bloat (dropsy) or injuries that develop into ulcers.
• Occasionally. do not show obvious clinical symptoms except death continues.
• no directional movement (nervous) and bleeding on the gill cover (operculum).
• Often, too, found that the infected fish appear normal until shortly before death.

Diagnosis
• Isolation and identification of bacteria through bio-chemical tests.
• Detection of bacterial genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)


Control:
• Disinfection of aquaculture facilities before and during the maintenance of fish
• Prevention of early (seed) through vaccination anti-Streptococcus spp.
• Giving immunostimulan element (eg addition of
vitamin C in feed) are routinely during maintenance
• Improve overall water quality, particularly reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Management of fish health in an integrated (fish, environment and pathogens)

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Columnaris Disease

Columnaris Disease

Cause: Flavobacterium columnare or Fexibacterium columnare
Bio-Ecology of pathogens:
• Bacteria gram negative, small rod-shaped, movable slide, and there in freshwater ecosystems.
• The nature of these bacteria are grouped to form a collection such as the column.
• The attacks often occur in groups of fish after transportation.
• The nature of the attacks are generally sub-acute - acute, when the dominant gill as a target organ, the fish will suffocate and the resulting deaths could reach 100%.

Clinical symptoms:
• sores around the mouth, head, body or fins. Brownish white sores then develop into ulcers.
• infection around the mouth, looks like the lining of yarn (thread-like) so it is often called the disease "mouth fungus".
• All around the wound is covered by the bright yellow pigment.
• If the infected gills, damage starts from the tip of the gill filaments and spread to the base, filaments eventually rot and fall out (gill rot).

Diagnosis:
• Observation of microscopic preparations hanging drops (400x) to see the column on the target organ bacterial infection.
• Isolation and identification by bio-chemical tests.

Control:
• Avoiding the occurrence of stress (physical, chemical, biological)
• Reducing the levels of dissolved organic material and / or increase the frequency of replacement of new water
• Through immersion with some chemicals such as
✓ 0.5% kitchen salt or potassium permanganate 5 ppm for 1 day
✓ Acriflavine 5-10 ppm by immersion for several days.
✓ Chloramin B or T 18-20 ppm by immersion for 2-3 days.
✓ benzalkonium chloride at doses of 18-20 ppm for 2-3 days
✓ Oxolinic acid at a dose of 1 ppm for 24 hours

source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

Isopodiasis (fish disease)

Cause: Nerocilla orbiguyi, Alitropus typus, etc..
Bio-Ecology Pathogens:
• Isopod which is a blood-eating parasites 'blood feeder' relatively large size (10-50 mm), and its body consists of several segments that are equipped with a pair of eyes.
• infected at all stages of fish and most fish are susceptible to parasitic infections, especially in the fish scales.
• Sticking to the body surface of fish, in the mouth, nostrils or gill cover.
• Transmission occurs horizontally, and the trigger between
because of water conditions and high density.

Clinical Symptoms:
• Wounds and bleeding at the site of the bite, and this looks visually parasites attached to the body of the fish, especially under the scales or on the base of the fin.
• Loss of balance, weakness, and decreased appetite.
• Nekrosa the gill or skin tissue of fish.
• slow-growing fish, often resulting in death due to anemia or due to secondary infection by bacteria.
Diagnosis:
• Visually looks a parasite that attach to the body of the fish.

Control:
• shed the parasite in the container is limited to chemicals that contain active ingredients dichlorfos at concentrations 5-7 ppm for 60 minutes.
• After the parasitic loss, the fish was transferred to another container to prevent any secondary infection by bacteria in the parasite bites.
• Using the spot light at night to collect the parasite in one location, then elected to the net.


source: Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Fish and Environmental Health Directorate, 2010

discus fish disease - the kinds of common diseases that attack the discus

All ornamental showcase fish are prone to disease and tackling them is a delicate and difficult affair. Specially, since the discus fish are from the South American tropical soft waters of the Amazon with very little water plants where the environment is maintained by the tropical rains, and thrive by living in the forest areas where the vegetation is dense with plants and other vegetation carried by the flood waters, they are found to be very delicate and are easily afflicted with disease even if there is a slight change in the climatic conditions. It could be said that some of the diseases encountered by the discus fish are treatable while some need not be treated. The fish recover in the natural course. Some of the diseases or conditions that afflict the discus fish are discussed below.

The discus fish needs to be housed in very large tanks with very clean water and ample space for them and their co-inhabitants to move around freely. The temperature should be maintained as per the requirement. If there is any change in these conditions the fish become unhappy which is immediately revealed by their bright colors becoming dark or even black. They then will refuse feed and their breathing becomes faster. They also start to pass rope-like white colored fecal matter, and worms are seen to come out of anus. This condition is cured simply by replacing the water with good cleaner water and improving the conditions.

Discus fish are very affected by stress. Some Aquarians tend to have the Plecostomus and other algae eating varieties of fish in the tanks along with the discus fish. These tend to attack the discus fish and damage their outer skin by sucking on them. This causes great stress for the discus fish. The treatment is to remove the attacking variety of fish from the tank.

A few discus fish diseases are caused by worms. All types of worm food are imported from different water sources or waterways. Since these sources are always polluted the worm foods are infected and carry parasites which in turn affect the discus fish.

The infection causes ‘hole in the head’ disease which is treated with drugs. The problem is giving the drugs to the discus fish. They have to be mixed with frozen food and then administered. For de-worming of the discus also, the same method can be followed. Metronidazole a drug easily available is used for treating the above conditions.

There are a number of other abnormal conditions or diseases like Gill flukes, not eating food (Off-food), Pop eye, erratic swimming (Swim bladder problems), Split fins, Clamped fins, and Sluggish fins, that can afflict the discus fish. The discus fish can also develop Bacterial lesions and Fin Rot which are only rare conditions. It is advisable to give frozen food that is always clean and hygienic than live food, which is always bound to be unclean and parasite infected.

The treatment for all of the above is to mainly see that the water in the tank is always clean and clear and the right temperature is maintained. Discus fish are very sensitive. They have to be taken care of in healthy manner to be healthy, beautiful show pieces in the home aquarium.